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This is Cloud Functions API quota exhaustion: deploying ~169 functions at once bursts past the per-minute write quota, so some functions fail while others succeed, and it looks flaky. The confirmed workaround is to deploy in small batches with a pause between them instead of all at once. The thread's working approach was a shell loop deploying ~20 functions at a time with sleep between batches (one user noted max ~20 concurrent functions), which made deploys succeed consistently. Deploying only changed functions (firebase deploy --only functions:name1,functions:name2) also avoids the burst. Source: https://github.com/firebase/firebase-tools/issues/3919